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Chapter 1 Introducing the Paragraph:Reasons for Writing1

导读2

GETTING STARTED8

Responding to Images8

Discussion9

READING AND VOCABULARY9

Reading:From "Reaching Across the Gap:How I Write"by Michael C.Flanigan9

Building Vocabulary:Recognizing Word Forms and Families11

WRITING:THE PARAGRAPH12

The Topic Sentence13

Support16

The Conclusion18

Title19

Form19

Unity20

Coherence21

COMPOSITION SKILLS23

Connecting Words23

Key Words24

Coordinators24

Transition Words24

Subordinators25

THE PROCESS OF WRITING26

Prewriting26

Considering Audience26

Getting Ideas26

Narrowing the Topic26

Deciding on a Controlling Idea27

Choosing Support28

Organizing Ideas28

Drafting29

Revising and Editing30

Revising30

Editing31

Editing:Verb Tense.Verb Form,Sentence Fragments,Spelling31

Connect to the Internet32

Keeping a Journal32

Chapter 2 Narrative:Memorable Events33

导读34

GETTING STARTED40

Responding to Images40

Journal Writing:A Lesson I Learned40

READING AND VOCABULARY41

Reading:"My Fault"by Hoang Vo41

Building Vocabulary:Recognizing Noun Suffixes42

WRITING:NARRATION44

Focusing on a Controlling Idea44

Supporting the Main Point with an Incident47

Giving Background Information47

Organizing by Chronological Order48

Writing Assignment 149

COMPOSITION SKILLS51

Connecting Words for Narration51

Developing Grammar Skills:Simple Past,Past Continuous,Used to/Would53

Editing:Simple Past,Past Continuous,Used to/Would53

WRITING54

Choosing a Point of View54

Writing Assignment 255

MORE READING AND WRITING57

Reading:From"Wings of the Morning"by Orestes Lorenzo57

Topics for Discussion or Writing58

Connect to the Internet59

Chapter 3 Description:Memorable Places60

导读61

GETTING STARTED67

Responding to Images67

Journal Writing:A Special Place68

READING AND VOCABULARY68

Reading:"Our Cottage"by Renata Strakova68

Building Vocabulary:Using Synonyms and Antonyms70

WRITING:PAST DESCRIPTION71

Focusing on a Dominant Impression71

Supporting with Specific Details72

Organizing by Spatial Arrangement75

WRITING ASSIGNMENT 177

COMPOSITION SKILLS79

Prepositions of Place and Direction79

Developing Grammar Skills:Simple Present,Simple Past,There+be,Subject-Verb Agreement,Order of Adjectives80

Editing:Verb Tense,There+be,Subject-Verb Agreement,Order of Adjectives80

WRITING:PRESENT DESCRIPTION81

Writing Assignment 282

MORE READING AND WRITING84

Reading:From"Wild Swans:Three Daughters of China"by Jung Chang84

Topics for Discussion or Writing85

Connect to the Internet86

Chapter 4 Analyzing Reasons:Human Behavior87

导读87

GETTING STARTED94

Responding to Images94

Journal Writing:A Person I Admire95

READING AND VOCABULARY95

Reading:From"A Celebration of Teachers"by Kristin Hunter95

Building Vocabulary:Keeping a Vocabulary Notebook96

WRITING:ANALYZING REASONS98

Supporting the Main Idea with Details98

Supporting Generalizations with Examples100

Organizing into Major Points101

Writing Assignment 1102

COMPOSITION SKILLS103

Connecting Words to Indicate Examples103

Connecting Words to Indicate Reasons or Causes104

Pronoun Consistency105

Developing Grammar Skills:Present Perfect,Tense Consistency,Adjective Clauses107

Editing:Present Perfect,Tense Consistency,Adjective Clauses,Subject-Verb Agreement107

WRITING108

Outlining108

Writing Assignment 2110

MORE READING AND WRITING111

Reading:"Teenagers and Stress"by David Inman111

Topics for Discussion or Writing113

Connect to the Internet113

Chapter 5 Analyzing a Process:Living on the World Wide Web114

导读115

GETTING STARTED119

Responding to Images119

Journal Writing:Processes Then and Now119

READING AND VOCABULARY120

Reading:"You a Blogger?Why Not?"120

Building Vocabulary:Understanding Prefixes122

WRITING:PROCESS123

Analyzing a Process123

Support for a Process123

Be aware of your audience.124

Give all the necessary steps in the process.124

Explain or describe the materials or equipment required.124

Warn the reader of difficulties.124

Give details and examples to make the process clear and interesting.124

Focusing on a Main Idea125

Introducing the Process126

Organizing by Chronological Order127

COMPOSITION SKILLS129

Connecting Words for Process129

Developing Grammar Skills:Passive Voice,Gerunds and Infinitives131

Editing:Passive Voice,Gerunds and Infinitives132

Writing Assignment 1132

MORE READING AND WRITING134

Reading:"Map Your Tongue"by Eric Haseltine134

Topics for Discussion and Writing136

Connect to the Internet136

Chapter 6 Comparing and Contrasting:Education137

导读138

GETTING STARTED144

Responding to Images144

Journal Writing:Choosing a School144

READING AND VOCABULARY145

Reading:Letters to the Editor145

Building Vocabulary:Recognizing Suffixes147

WRITING:COMPARISON AND CONTRAST149

Establishing a Controlling Idea149

Choosing Bases of Comparison150

Organizing by Points of Comparison151

Writing Assignment 1152

COMPOSITION SKILLS154

Connecting Words for Comparison and Contrast154

Developing Grammar Skills:Comparative Forms,Correlative Conjunctions,Run-on Sentences,Comma Splice158

Editing:Comparative Forms,Correlative Conjunctions,Run-on Sentences,Comma Splice159

WRITING160

Contrasting Then and Now160

Organizing by Subjects161

WRITING ASSIGNMENT 2162

MORE READING AND WRITING163

Reading:"Literacy Around the World"163

Topics for Discussion or Writing165

Connect to the Internet166

Chapter 7 Classifying:The Media167

导读168

GETTING STARTED172

Responding to Images172

Journal Writing:Television Shows173

READING AND VOCABULARY173

Reading:"A Reading Wasteland"173

Building Vocabulary:Distinguishing Between Formal and Informal Vocabulary175

WRITING:CLASSIFYING176

Finding a Principle of Classification176

Introducing a Category with a Topic Sentence181

Developing Grammar Skills:Parallel Structure182

Editing:Parallel Structure,Tense Continuity,Subject-Verb Agreement182

Supporting the Categories183

COMPOSITION SKILLS184

Connecting Words for Classification184

Repeating Key Ideas186

Writing Assignment 1189

MORE READING AND WRITING190

Reading:"What's in a Name?"190

Topics for Discussion and Writing192

Connect to the Internet193

Chapter 8 Introduction to the Essay:Technology194

导读195

GETTING STARTED201

Responding to Images201

Journal Writing:The Effects of Technological Change201

READING AND VOCABULARY202

Reading:"Tell-All Generation Learns to Keep Things Offline"by Laura M.Holson202

Building Vocabulary:Guessing Meaning from Context204

WRITING:INTRODUCTION TO THE ESSAY206

Evaluating Effects206

From Paragraph to Essay207

The Thesis Statement210

The Introduction212

The Support214

The Conclusion214

Writing Assignment 1216

COMPOSITION SKILLS217

Connecting Words Between Paragraphs217

Developing Grammar Skills:Adverb Clauses of Result,Reduced Adverb Clauses of Time and Causes218

Editing:Adverb Clauses of Result,Reduced Adverb Clauses,Verb Tense,Passive Voice218

WRITING:OUTLINING AN ESSAY219

Writing Assignment 2221

MORE READING AND WRITING223

Reading:"Roombas Fill an Emotional Vacuum for Owners"223

Topics for Discussion and Writing224

Connect to the Internet225

Appendices226

APPENDIX 1:PREWRITING STRATEGIES228

Brainstorming228

Drawing a Sketch228

Freewriting229

Making a Venn Diagram230

Clustering231

APPENDIX 2:DEVELOPING GRAMMAR SKILLS232

Adjectives232

Order of Adjectives232

Adverbials233

Adverbs of Time and Sequence233

Prepositions in Time Expressions234

Articles235

The Indefinite Article:a,an,some235

The Definite Article:the236

Clauses238

Independent Clauses238

Dependent Clauses239

Adverb Clauses of Time241

Adverb Clauses of Result242

Reduced Adverb Clauses244

Adjective Clauses245

Comparative Forms247

Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs247

(not)as...as249

Connecting Words250

Coordinating Conjunctions250

Correlative Conjunctions251

Transition Words and Phrases252

Gerunds and Infinitives254

Gerunds as Subjects254

Gerunds as Objects of Prepositions259

Passive Voice259

Changing from Active to Passive260

Uses of the Passive Voice260

Sentence Structure261

There+be261

Sentence Fragments263

Run-On Sentences265

Comma Splices265

Subject-Verb Agreement267

Parallel Structure270

Verbs Forms and Tenses271

Simple Present271

Simple Past272

Past Perfect272

Past Progressive274

Used to and Would276

Present Perfect277

Time Words with the Present Perfect and Simple Past278

Placement of Adverbs279

Consistency of Verb Tenses280

APPENDIX 3:MECHANICS283

The Period283

The Comma283

The Semicolon284

Capitalization284

APPENDIX 4:IRREGULAR VERB FORMS286

APPENDIX 5:ANSWERS TO EDITING EXERCISES289