普通语言学基础【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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Chapter 1　An Overview of Language and Linguistics1

1.1　What Is General Linguistics?1

1.1.1　Defining Linguistics1

1.1.2　Principles of Linguistic Science1

1.1.3　A Natural Science or a Social Science?3

1.1.4　What Is Meant by"General"?4

1.1.5　Some Basic Distinctions in Linguistics6

1.1.6　What Is the Use of Linguistics?8

1.2 What Is Language?10

1.2.1 Defining Language10

1.2.2 Design Features of Language14

1.2.3 Functions of Language18

Chapter 2 Phonetics25

2.1 Aim of Phonetics25

2.2 Different Types of Phonetics25

2.3 Vocal Organs26

2.4 Two Major Types of Speech Sounds28

2.4.1 Consonants28

2.4.2 Vowels33

2.4.3 Cardinal Vowel System35

Chapter 3 Phonology39

3.1 Aim of Phonology39

3.2 Phonemes and Allophones39

3.3 Minimal Pair42

3.4 Three Criteria for Grouping Phones into Phonemes43

3.4.1 Free Variation43

3.4.2 Complementary Distribution44

3.4.3 Phonetic Similarity45

3.5 Distinctive Features and Natural Classes46

3.6 Phonological Processes50

3.6.1 Co-articulation Effects50

3.6.2 Elision50

3.6.3 Assimilation50

3.7 Phonological Rules of English52

3.7.1 Nasalization53

3.7.2 Nasal Assimilation54

3.7.3 Aspiration Rule54

3.7.4 Rule Ordering55

3.8 Syllable and Stress56

Chapter 4 Morphology61

4.1 Aim of Morphology61

4.2 Word and Morpheme61

4.2.1 What Is a Word?61

4.2.2 Classifications of Words62

4.2.3 What Is a Morpheme?63

4.3 Morpheme and Allomorph68

4.3.1 phonetically Conditioned Allomorphs68

4.3.2 Lexically or Grammatically Conditioned Allomorphs70

4.4 Relation between Morpheme and Phoneme70

4.5 Word Formation72

4.5.1 Compound72

4.5.2 Derivation72

Chapter 5 Syntax76

5.1 What Is Syntax?76

5.2 The Traditional Grammar78

5.2.1 The History of the Traditional Grammar78

5.2.2 Syntactic Elements and Their Defining Properties80

5.2.3 Syntactic Relations Between Words85

5.2.4 The Ways Words are Organized Into Sentences86

5.3 The Structural Grammar88

5.3.1 Saussure and His Linguistic Theory88

5.3.2 American Structuralist Linguistics89

5.4 The Generative Linguistics92

5.4.1 Chomsky and Generative Linguistics:What"Generative"Means92

5.4.2 Five Stages of Generative Linguistics94

5.4.3 The C1assical Theory(1957—1965)95

5.4.4 The Standard Theory(1965—1972)97

5.4.5 The Extended Standard Theory Model(1972—1981)99

5.4.6 The Government and Binding Theory Model(1981—1993)101

5.4.7 The Minimalist Program Model(1993—)104

Chapter 6 Semantics109

6.1 An Overview of Semantics109

6.1.1 Aim of Semantics109

6.1.2 Semantics at Different Levels109

6.1.3 Difficulty of Semantics111

6.2 Some Semantic Theories112

6.2.1 Referential Theory112

6.2.2 Mentalist Theory113

6.2.3 "Use"Theory114

6.3 Classification of Meaning115

6.3.1 Seven Types of Meaning Proposed by Leech115

6.3.2 Sense,Reference,and Denotation117

6.4 Sense Relations120

6.4.1 Synonymy120

6.4.2 Antonymy122

6.4.3 Hyponymy126

6.5 Simple Logic and Semantics127

6.5.1 Simplified Form of Predicate Calculi127

6.5.2 Simple Propositional Logic130

6.6 Ambiguity134

Chapter 7 Pragmatics140

7.1 Defining Pragmatics140

7.2 Pragmatics:Past and Present141

7.2.1 Focus on Change:Three Stages of Development141

7.2.2 Tasks in Hand:Two Components of Pragmatics142

7.3 Critical Concepts and Theories in Pragmatics143

7.3.1 Between Semantics and Pragmatics144

7.3.2 Beyond Semantics149

7.4 Pragmatics in Development156

7.4.1 Relevance Theory157

7.4.2 Horn's Bipartite System and Levinson's Tripartite System159

Chapter 8 Language and Society165

8.1 The Relatedness between Language and Society165

8.1.1 Possible Relations between Language and Society165

8.1.2 Sociolinguistics166

8.2 Variable，Variant and Variation168

8.3 Regional Dialect and Its Semantic Extension169

8.4 Language Use and Social Factors171

8.4.1 Sociolect171

8.4.2 Genderlect173

8.4.3 Agelect176

8.4.4 Ethnic Dialect177

8.5 Language Change178

8.5.1 Language Change in Progress179

8.5.2 Forms of Language Change179

Chapter 9 Language,Culture and Thought187

9.1 The Relations between Language,Culture and Thought187

9.1.1 Language and Culture187

9.1.2 Language and Thought188

9.1.3 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis188

9.2 Some Cultural Items192

9.2.1 Politeness and Cross-cultural Communication192

9.2.2 Greetings193

9.2.3 Taboo and Euphemism195

9.2.4 Address Terms195

Chapter 10 Language Acquisition200

10.1 First Language Acquisition200

10.1.1 Three Views on First Language Acquisition200

10.1.2 Characteristics of First Language Acquisition202

10.1.3 Stages of First Language Acquisition203

10.2 Second Language Learning208

10.2.1 First Language Acquisition versus Second Language Learning209

10.2.2 Contrasts between First Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning210

10.2.3 Stages of Second Language Learning216

Appendix220

Index230